• Jamie's Trivia Questions, FINAL; Rounds 4-5 Coinages

    From James Dow Allen@3:633/10 to All on Wednesday, August 19, 2026 04:41:43


    This is the final round of the first (and last?) installment of
    Jamie's Trivia Questions. The present standings are
    Mark 5 + 34 + 33 = 72
    Dan_T 8 + 33 + 24 = 65
    Joshua 16 + 0 + 39 = 55
    So it's anyone's victory! And those who missed Rounds 1-3 may always try
    to outscore in round 4 or 5.

    Rounds 4 & 5: Coinages

    Except as noted, a correct answer gets 4 points.

    One point will be deducted if two answers are provided to any question, but only one answer is correct.

    For questions asking for a non-Monarch's name, 1 point will be deducted if the personal name is missing or wrong.

    For questions asking for a date, 4 points will be credited if the date is within 6 years of the correct year;
    3 points within 12 years; 2 points within 20 years; 1 point within 30 years.

    Full credit for misspelled or approximately correct answers.

    Round 4: English Coinage

    Hereafter "pound" refers to Troy pound; we'll write "monetary pound" to denote 20 shillings of nominal monetary value.
    We'll ignore that the English ("Tower") pound was slightly lighter than a Troy pound before the Troy (Troyes) system
    became a European standard. An "ounce" will mean one-twelfth of such a Troy (or Tower) pound.
    A "penny" refers to the English coin or monetary value BEFORE decimalization. "Silver" usually refers to the sterling alloy (92.5% silver, 7.5% copper).


    (1) Name the English monarch who first minted silver pennies.

    (2) How many pennies were initially minted from one ounce of sterling silver?

    (3) The weight of such a penny, a pennyweight, is nominally equivalent to the weight of how many grains of barley?

    The Great Bullion Famine refers to a major European crisis. Precious metals were being shipped to the Levant in exchange
    for luxury goods, while Europe's mines were producing less metal, or even shutting down. Silver and gold were so scarce that
    many mints ceased producing coins altogether. One English response was to reduce the silver content of their penny, now
    minting 40 ("light") pennies per ounce rather than the earlier 32 ("heavy") pennies.

    (4) EITHER name the English monarch under whose reign these "light pennies" were first minted; OR give the year
    of the first such minting.

    One English monarch began the "Great Debasement" of coins which eventually became so severe that pennies'
    copper content was high enough to give "silver" coins a coppery color.

    (5) Name that monarch.

    After continuing with the debasement for a short while, that Monarch's successor begin minting 60 pennies per ounce
    of sterling silver -- a much lighter standard than afore-mentioned "light" pennies, but still much better than the
    debased coins the mint had been producing. Debased coins were redeemed by the government at a 50% discount.
    With some bad coins continuing to circulate, English currency had a bad reputation in Continental markets.

    (6) Name the English monarch during whose reign a new standard was introduced, with old coins redeemed according to their
    actual precious metal content.

    (7) How many pennies per ounce of sterling silver were minted with the new standard?

    (8) Name the man who proposed and supervised this monetary change.

    In 1663 England introduced a gold coin ("Guinea") originally priced at 20 silver shillings.
    But for various reasons the gold coins were preferred in England and could often be exchanged for much
    more than 20 shillings of silver. Silver coins were often melted down or exported to other polities.
    One man is often credited with establishing the guinea price at 21 shillings. Here is a brief excerpt from the report he wrote on gold/silver pricing:

    In China and Iapan one pound weight of fine gold is worth but nine or ten pounds weight of fine silver;
    & in East India it may be worth twelve. And this low price of gold in proportion to silver, carries away
    the silver from all Europe.

    9) Name the man who wrote that report.

    (10) The English mark, while never coined, was a popular unit of account. It was equivalent to how many pennies?

    (11) How many farthings in a groat?

    (12) What was the smallest denomination of British money ever minted?

    (13) Where did those small-denomination coins circulate?

    The Bank of England was established as a private joint-stock corporation to lend money to HM Government
    during a time of financial distress. The target of 1.2 million monetary pounds was raised quickly from
    more than 1200 individuals. (To increase confidence that Government could afford interest on the debt,
    Parliament passed an Act allowing tariffs, especially on alcoholic beverages.)

    (14) In what year was the Bank of England founded?

    - - - - - - - - - - - -

    Round 5: Ancient Coinage

    Ancient weights

    (1) In the oldest documented system of weights, one shekel allegedly weighed as much as how many grains of barley?

    (2) In that system, one mina weighed how many shekels?

    (3) In that system, one talent (sometimes treated as the weight one laborer could carry) weighed how many mina?

    But later civilizations adopted the terms with different definitions, and further revised them.
    As one example of confusion, a "gold talent" was a smallish gold coin and had hugely less
    value than a talent-weight of silver, let alone a talent-weight of gold!

    (4) How many librae (pounds) in a Roman talent?

    Shekel (with its multiples) was also used to denote monetary value, nominally the same value as a shekel-weight of silver.
    This was often a "money of account" with debts eventually settled with barley, cattle or other goods,
    but there is evidence that physical silver was sometimes weighed even in ancient Sumeria to settle trades
    or debts. There was wide variation in weight among the shekel coins eventually minted by Levantine polities.

    Questions about drachma assume the Attic (Athens) system, which became a standard for several centuries.

    (5) How many drachmae in a mina?

    (6) How many oboli in a tetradrachm?

    (7) What polity is noted for minting the first coin (called a "stater") of relatively high quality?

    (8) The first staters were made from an alloy of silver and, primarily, what other metal?

    (9) Name the monarch who first began minting staters with relatively pure metals, instead of alloy.

    Coins weighing a fraction of a stater were minted, and eventually a half-stater became known as a "light" stater.
    Another polity copied this light stater, called it a siglos, and minted a gold daric coin (weighing 1.5x the siglos).
    Because the gold daric was valued at exactly 20 silver siglos this may have been the first official system
    of bimetallism.

    (10) What was that polity that minted siglos and daric coins?

    There were two gold coins of almost identical weight introduced in the 13th century which became respected
    throughout Europe. Unlike many other coinages, their purity and weight were maintained throughout
    centuries of minting.

    (11) Name either one of these two coins (for 3 points). Add 2 more points if you also name the issuing polity.

    (12) Name the other of these two coins (for 3 points). Add 2 more points if you also name the issuing polity.

    Another coin that was respected for several centuries due to consistent weight and purity was the silver coin that
    eventually came to be called the Spanish dollar.

    (13) The Spanish gold doubloon was often valued at what whole number of Spanish dollars?

    (14) Though becoming archaic, "two bits" is American slang for how much money in more familiar units?

    - - - - - - - - - - - -


    Cheers, Jamie

    --- PyGate Linux v1.5.19
    * Origin: Dragon's Lair, PyGate NNTP<>Fido Gate (3:633/10)
  • From Mark Brader@3:633/10 to All on Wednesday, August 19, 2026 08:52:22
    James Dow Allen:
    (1) Name the English monarch who first minted silver pennies.

    Henry VIII?

    (2) How many pennies were initially minted from one ounce of sterling silver?

    20.

    (3) The weight of such a penny, a pennyweight, is nominally equivalent
    to the weight of how many grains of barley?

    20.

    (4) EITHER name the English monarch under whose reign these "light
    pennies" were first minted; OR give the year
    of the first such minting.

    Mary I.

    One English monarch began the "Great Debasement" of coins which
    eventually became so severe that pennies'
    copper content was high enough to give "silver" coins a coppery color.

    (5) Name that monarch.

    Elizabeth I.

    (6) Name the English monarch during whose reign a new standard was introduced, with old coins redeemed according to their
    actual precious metal content.

    Charles I.

    (7) How many pennies per ounce of sterling silver were minted with the
    new standard?

    4.

    (8) Name the man who proposed and supervised this monetary change.

    Isaac Newton.

    9) Name the man who wrote that report.

    Isaac Newton.

    (10) The English mark, while never coined, was a popular unit of
    account. It was equivalent to how many pennies?

    3.

    (11) How many farthings in a groat?

    16.

    (12) What was the smallest denomination of British money ever minted?

    Quarter-farthing.

    (13) Where did those small-denomination coins circulate?

    In the colonies.

    (14) In what year was the Bank of England founded?

    1620.

    - - - - - - - - - - - -

    Round 5: Ancient Coinage

    (13) The Spanish gold doubloon was often valued at what whole number of Spanish dollars?

    1.

    (14) Though becoming archaic, "two bits" is American slang for how much money in more familiar units?

    25 cents.
    --
    Mark Brader, Toronto, msb@vex.net C unions never strike!

    My text in this article is in the public domain.

    --- PyGate Linux v1.5.19
    * Origin: Dragon's Lair, PyGate NNTP<>Fido Gate (3:633/10)
  • From Joshua Kreitzer@3:633/10 to All on Wednesday, August 19, 2026 09:08:24
    On 8/18/2026 11:41 PM, James Dow Allen wrote:
    Round 4: English Coinage

    (2) How many pennies were initially minted from one ounce of sterling silver?

    240

    (8) Name the man who proposed and supervised this monetary change.

    Isaac Newton

    Round 5: Ancient Coinage

    (14) Though becoming archaic, "two bits" is American slang for how much money in more familiar units?
    25 cents

    --
    Joshua Kreitzer
    gromit82@hotmail.com

    --- PyGate Linux v1.5.19
    * Origin: Dragon's Lair, PyGate NNTP<>Fido Gate (3:633/10)
  • From Dan Tilque@3:633/10 to All on Wednesday, August 19, 2026 08:10:22
    On 8/18/26 21:41, James Dow Allen wrote:


    This is the final round of the first (and last?) installment of
    Jamie's Trivia Questions. The present standings are
    Mark 5 + 34 + 33 = 72
    Dan_T 8 + 33 + 24 = 65
    Joshua 16 + 0 + 39 = 55
    So it's anyone's victory! And those who missed Rounds 1-3 may always try
    to outscore in round 4 or 5.

    Rounds 4 & 5: Coinages

    Except as noted, a correct answer gets 4 points.

    One point will be deducted if two answers are provided to any question, but only one answer is correct.

    For questions asking for a non-Monarch's name, 1 point will be deducted if the personal name is missing or wrong.

    For questions asking for a date, 4 points will be credited if the date is within 6 years of the correct year;
    3 points within 12 years; 2 points within 20 years; 1 point within 30 years.

    Full credit for misspelled or approximately correct answers.

    Round 4: English Coinage

    Hereafter "pound" refers to Troy pound; we'll write "monetary pound" to denote 20 shillings of nominal monetary value.
    We'll ignore that the English ("Tower") pound was slightly lighter than a Troy pound before the Troy (Troyes) system
    became a European standard. An "ounce" will mean one-twelfth of such a Troy (or Tower) pound.
    A "penny" refers to the English coin or monetary value BEFORE decimalization. "Silver" usually refers to the sterling alloy (92.5% silver, 7.5% copper).


    (1) Name the English monarch who first minted silver pennies.

    (2) How many pennies were initially minted from one ounce of sterling silver?

    (3) The weight of such a penny, a pennyweight, is nominally equivalent to the weight of how many grains of barley?

    The Great Bullion Famine refers to a major European crisis. Precious metals were being shipped to the Levant in exchange
    for luxury goods, while Europe's mines were producing less metal, or even shutting down. Silver and gold were so scarce that
    many mints ceased producing coins altogether. One English response was to reduce the silver content of their penny, now
    minting 40 ("light") pennies per ounce rather than the earlier 32 ("heavy") pennies.

    (4) EITHER name the English monarch under whose reign these "light pennies" were first minted; OR give the year
    of the first such minting.

    One English monarch began the "Great Debasement" of coins which eventually became so severe that pennies'
    copper content was high enough to give "silver" coins a coppery color.

    (5) Name that monarch.

    After continuing with the debasement for a short while, that Monarch's successor begin minting 60 pennies per ounce
    of sterling silver -- a much lighter standard than afore-mentioned "light" pennies, but still much better than the
    debased coins the mint had been producing. Debased coins were redeemed by the government at a 50% discount.
    With some bad coins continuing to circulate, English currency had a bad reputation in Continental markets.

    (6) Name the English monarch during whose reign a new standard was introduced, with old coins redeemed according to their
    actual precious metal content.

    (7) How many pennies per ounce of sterling silver were minted with the new standard?

    (8) Name the man who proposed and supervised this monetary change.

    Isaac Newton


    In 1663 England introduced a gold coin ("Guinea") originally priced at 20 silver shillings.
    But for various reasons the gold coins were preferred in England and could often be exchanged for much
    more than 20 shillings of silver. Silver coins were often melted down or exported to other polities.
    One man is often credited with establishing the guinea price at 21 shillings. Here is a brief excerpt from the report he wrote on gold/silver pricing:

    In China and Iapan one pound weight of fine gold is worth but nine or ten pounds weight of fine silver;
    & in East India it may be worth twelve. And this low price of gold in proportion to silver, carries away
    the silver from all Europe.

    9) Name the man who wrote that report.

    (10) The English mark, while never coined, was a popular unit of account. It was equivalent to how many pennies?

    (11) How many farthings in a groat?

    16


    (12) What was the smallest denomination of British money ever minted?

    (13) Where did those small-denomination coins circulate?

    The Bank of England was established as a private joint-stock corporation to lend money to HM Government
    during a time of financial distress. The target of 1.2 million monetary pounds was raised quickly from
    more than 1200 individuals. (To increase confidence that Government could afford interest on the debt,
    Parliament passed an Act allowing tariffs, especially on alcoholic beverages.)

    (14) In what year was the Bank of England founded?

    - - - - - - - - - - - -

    Round 5: Ancient Coinage

    Ancient weights

    (1) In the oldest documented system of weights, one shekel allegedly weighed as much as how many grains of barley?

    (2) In that system, one mina weighed how many shekels?

    (3) In that system, one talent (sometimes treated as the weight one laborer could carry) weighed how many mina?

    But later civilizations adopted the terms with different definitions, and further revised them.
    As one example of confusion, a "gold talent" was a smallish gold coin and had hugely less
    value than a talent-weight of silver, let alone a talent-weight of gold!

    (4) How many librae (pounds) in a Roman talent?

    Shekel (with its multiples) was also used to denote monetary value, nominally the same value as a shekel-weight of silver.
    This was often a "money of account" with debts eventually settled with barley, cattle or other goods,
    but there is evidence that physical silver was sometimes weighed even in ancient Sumeria to settle trades
    or debts. There was wide variation in weight among the shekel coins eventually minted by Levantine polities.

    Questions about drachma assume the Attic (Athens) system, which became a standard for several centuries.

    (5) How many drachmae in a mina?

    (6) How many oboli in a tetradrachm?

    (7) What polity is noted for minting the first coin (called a "stater") of relatively high quality?

    Miletus


    (8) The first staters were made from an alloy of silver and, primarily, what other metal?

    copper


    (9) Name the monarch who first began minting staters with relatively pure metals, instead of alloy.

    Midas


    Coins weighing a fraction of a stater were minted, and eventually a half-stater became known as a "light" stater.
    Another polity copied this light stater, called it a siglos, and minted a gold daric coin (weighing 1.5x the siglos).
    Because the gold daric was valued at exactly 20 silver siglos this may have been the first official system
    of bimetallism.

    (10) What was that polity that minted siglos and daric coins?

    There were two gold coins of almost identical weight introduced in the 13th century which became respected
    throughout Europe. Unlike many other coinages, their purity and weight were maintained throughout
    centuries of minting.

    (11) Name either one of these two coins (for 3 points). Add 2 more points if you also name the issuing polity.

    Joachimsthaler


    (12) Name the other of these two coins (for 3 points). Add 2 more points if you also name the issuing polity.

    Another coin that was respected for several centuries due to consistent weight and purity was the silver coin that
    eventually came to be called the Spanish dollar.

    (13) The Spanish gold doubloon was often valued at what whole number of Spanish dollars?

    (14) Though becoming archaic, "two bits" is American slang for how much money in more familiar units?

    25 cents

    --
    Dan Tilque

    --- PyGate Linux v1.5.19
    * Origin: Dragon's Lair, PyGate NNTP<>Fido Gate (3:633/10)
  • From James Dow Allen@3:633/10 to All on Sunday, August 23, 2026 18:33:07


    Contest answers begin at Line 65.

    I checked and double-checked these questions and answers before posting the contest.
    But TRIPLE-checked after the post and discovered some flaws.

    Most notably, what explains the (smallish) difference between the Troy weights and the
    English Tower weights?

    At first I had assumed that this was routine: in low-tech early medieval Europe, accurate and
    consistent weighing might be impractical. Calibration with grains of cereal was presumably
    quite rare. Instead respected merchants would have sets of weights made from e.g. metal or hematite.
    It was not unusual for money-changers to have two sets of weights, one for buying and another
    for selling coins. But this does not seem to be a major reason for the weight discrepancy.

    I also read that sterling silver was weighed with different standards before and after the
    minting of coins; and that this was a way to gain a seignorage fee. But this also appears wrong.

    I knew that some parts of Europe used grains of wheat rather than grains of barley
    as the unit of their system of weights, but only yesterday realized that England was one
    of the countries that used the wheat-based system. Apparently 34 grains of wheat weigh
    about as much as 24 grains of barley, but the Tower (or "Paris") pennyweight was defined as just
    32 grains of wheat. This -- according to Wikipedia's Pennyweight page -- was apparently
    the reason the Tower pound was 6.7% lighter than a Troy pound. (The "Tower pound" was named
    after weights kept in the Tower of London, a tower which didn't exist in the time of King Offa.)
    On the Continent, the wheat-based system was called the Paris system. And indeed medieval
    Paris was close to wheat fields, compared with Troyes which was close to barley!

    If it seems odd cereal grains were used as the basis for a system of weights, name something
    that would work better? When it was necessary to calibrate a set of small stone or metal
    weights, the lightness and consistency of barleycorns would be useful. "Statutes specified that the seeds must be 'dry and round' and taken specifically from the
    middle of the ear where kernels grew most uniformly."

    And barleycorns were specified as the weight basis in ancient Sumeria 4000 years before the
    time of medieval Europe!

    I thought I knew some esoteric details about coinage, but pursuing this Trivia Contest
    has corrected some of my own misconceptions!

    JamesDowAllen <at Gmail> posted:


    Rounds 4 & 5: Coinages

    Except as noted, a correct answer gets 4 points.

    One point will be deducted if two answers are provided to any question, but only one answer is correct.

    For questions asking for a non-Monarch's name, 1 point will be deducted if the personal name is missing or wrong.

    For questions asking for a date, 4 points will be credited if the date is within 6 years of the correct year;
    3 points within 12 years; 2 points within 20 years; 1 point within 30 years.

    Full credit for misspelled or approximately correct answers.

    Round 4: English Coinage

    Hereafter "pound" refers to Troy pound; we'll write "monetary pound" to denote 20 shillings of nominal monetary value.
    We'll ignore that the English ("Tower") pound was slightly lighter than a Troy pound before the Troy (Troyes) system
    became a European standard. An "ounce" will mean one-twelfth of such a Troy (or Tower) pound.
    A "penny" refers to the English coin or monetary value BEFORE decimalization. "Silver" usually refers to the sterling alloy (92.5% silver, 7.5% copper).


    (1) Name the English monarch who first minted silver pennies.

    Offa, King of Mercia


    (2) How many pennies were initially minted from one ounce of sterling silver?

    20

    4 points for Mark

    (3) The weight of such a penny, a pennyweight, is nominally equivalent to the weight of how many grains of barley?

    24 [32 gets 3 points]

    1 point for Mark


    The Great Bullion Famine refers to a major European crisis. Precious metals were being shipped to the Levant in exchange
    for luxury goods, while Europe's mines were producing less metal, or even shutting down. Silver and gold were so scarce that
    many mints ceased producing coins altogether. One English response was to reduce the silver content of their penny, now
    minting 40 ("light") pennies per ounce rather than the earlier 32 ("heavy") pennies.

    (4) EITHER name the English monarch under whose reign these "light pennies" were first minted; OR give the year
    of the first such minting.

    Edward IV OR 1464


    One English monarch began the "Great Debasement" of coins which eventually became so severe that pennies'
    copper content was high enough to give "silver" coins a coppery color.

    (5) Name that monarch.

    Henry VIII


    After continuing with the debasement for a short while, that Monarch's successor begin minting 60 pennies per ounce
    of sterling silver -- a much lighter standard than afore-mentioned "light" pennies, but still much better than the
    debased coins the mint had been producing. Debased coins were redeemed by the government at a 50% discount.
    With some bad coins continuing to circulate, English currency had a bad reputation in Continental markets.

    (6) Name the English monarch during whose reign a new standard was introduced, with old coins redeemed according to their
    actual precious metal content.

    Elizabeth I


    (7) How many pennies per ounce of sterling silver were minted with the new standard?

    62


    (8) Name the man who proposed and supervised this monetary change.

    Sir Thomas Gresham


    In 1663 England introduced a gold coin ("Guinea") originally priced at 20 silver shillings.
    But for various reasons the gold coins were preferred in England and could often be exchanged for much
    more than 20 shillings of silver. Silver coins were often melted down or exported to other polities.
    One man is often credited with establishing the guinea price at 21 shillings. Here is a brief excerpt from the report he wrote on gold/silver pricing:

    In China and Iapan one pound weight of fine gold is worth but nine or ten pounds weight of fine silver;
    & in East India it may be worth twelve. And this low price of gold in proportion to silver, carries away
    the silver from all Europe.

    9) Name the man who wrote that report.

    Sir Isaac Newton

    4 points for Mark


    (10) The English mark, while never coined, was a popular unit of account. It was equivalent to how many pennies?

    160 (or 13s 4d)
    ["Mark" was a monetary term used in other countries as well, usually denoting 8 Troy ounces of silver]


    (11) How many farthings in a groat?

    16

    4 points for Mark
    4 points for Dan_T


    (12) What was the smallest denomination of British money ever minted?

    Quarter-Farthing

    4 points for Mark


    (13) Where did those small-denomination coins circulate?

    Ceylon (or Sri Lanka)

    2 points for Mark

    The Bank of England was established as a private joint-stock corporation to lend money to HM Government
    during a time of financial distress. The target of 1.2 million monetary pounds was raised quickly from
    more than 1200 individuals. (To increase confidence that Government could afford interest on the debt,
    Parliament passed an Act allowing tariffs, especially on alcoholic beverages.)

    (14) In what year was the Bank of England founded?

    1694


    - - - - - - - - - - - -

    Round 5: Ancient Coinage

    Ancient weights

    (1) In the oldest documented system of weights, one shekel allegedly weighed as much as how many grains of barley?

    180


    (2) In that system, one mina weighed how many shekels?

    60


    (3) In that system, one talent (sometimes treated as the weight one laborer could carry) weighed how many mina?

    60


    But later civilizations adopted the terms with different definitions, and further revised them.
    As one example of confusion, a "gold talent" was a smallish gold coin and had hugely less
    value than a talent-weight of silver, let alone a talent-weight of gold!

    (4) How many librae (pounds) in a Roman talent?

    100


    Shekel (with its multiples) was also used to denote monetary value, nominally the same value as a shekel-weight of silver.
    This was often a "money of account" with debts eventually settled with barley, cattle or other goods,
    but there is evidence that physical silver was sometimes weighed even in ancient Sumeria to settle trades
    or debts. There was wide variation in weight among the shekel coins eventually minted by Levantine polities.

    Questions about drachma assume the Attic (Athens) system, which became a standard for several centuries.

    (5) How many drachmae in a mina?

    100 (or 70, the earliest standard)


    (6) How many oboli in a tetradrachm?

    24


    (7) What polity is noted for minting the first coin (called a "stater") of relatively high quality?

    Lydia


    (8) The first staters were made from an alloy of silver and, primarily, what other metal?

    Gold


    (9) Name the monarch who first began minting staters with relatively pure metals, instead of alloy.

    Croesus, King of Lydia (or KroŚsos)


    Coins weighing a fraction of a stater were minted, and eventually a half-stater became known as a "light" stater.
    Another polity copied this light stater, called it a siglos, and minted a gold daric coin (weighing 1.5x the siglos).
    Because the gold daric was valued at exactly 20 silver siglos this may have been the first official system
    of bimetallism.

    (10) What was that polity that minted siglos and daric coins?

    Persia (or Achaemenid Empire)
    [A possible hint was that the DARic coin was created by DARius the Great, King of Kings.]


    There were two gold coins of almost identical weight introduced in the 13th century which became respected
    throughout Europe. Unlike many other coinages, their purity and weight were maintained throughout
    centuries of minting.

    (11) Name either one of these two coins (for 3 points). Add 2 more points if you also name the issuing polity.

    Florin from Florence (or Ducat from Venice)

    (The HRE's silver Thaler was respected and copied, e.g. by Spain and eventually the USA. But it was neither gold
    nor issued as early as the 13th century.]


    (12) Name the other of these two coins (for 3 points). Add 2 more points if you also name the issuing polity.

    Ducat from Venice (or Florin from Florence)


    Another coin that was respected for several centuries due to consistent weight and purity was the silver coin that
    eventually came to be called the Spanish dollar.
    [The Spanish dollar, aka "piece of eight (reales)", was legal tender in the USA until 1857;
    the U.S. silver dollar was designed to specifications almost identical to the Spanish dollar.]

    (13) The Spanish gold doubloon was often valued at what whole number of Spanish dollars?

    The common (2-escudo) doubloon was nominally worth 4 "pieces of eight reales" (dollars). It had 6.2 gm of fine gold,
    almost 1/4 the 25.5 gm of silver in a Spanish dollar; implying a 16.5 gold:silver price ratio.
    This over-valued gold, so the common doubloon might fetch only 3.8 dollars or so.
    Triple-checking I see that the 4-escudo and 8-escudo gold coins were also often called simply "doubloons."

    4 [4 points for 15; 3 points for 8 or 16]


    (14) Though becoming archaic, "two bits" is American slang for how much money in more familiar units?

    25 cents or 2 Spanish reales
    ["One bit" could be a 1-real coin, or a wedge-shaped eighth chiseled off a dollar.]

    4 points for Mark
    4 points for Joshua
    4 points for Dan_T

    - - - - - - - - - - - -

    Following are before any corrections or complaints.

    Totals, Rounds 4 plus 5
    Mark 19 + 4
    Dan_T 4 + 4
    Joshua 0 + 4

    Final Totals:
    Mark 5 + 34 + 33 + 19 + 4 = 95
    Dan_T 8 + 33 + 24 + 4 + 4 = 73
    Joshua 16 + 0 + 39 + 0 + 4 = 59
    Or, keeping only three best rounds:
    Mark 34 + 33 + 19 = 86
    Dan_T 8 + 33 + 24 = 65
    Joshua 16 + 39 + 4 = 59

    Congratulations to Mark and EVERYONE who particpated.

    And SPECIAL thanks for participating despite esoteric topics.
    James/Jamie was too vainful to click 'Post' when his score on a contest
    looked like it's going to be about Zero, but fallowing your examples
    has posted in Mark's latest contest with answers that may seem
    hilariously wrong! "Eve Saint-Marie" -- Wow!

    Cheers, Jamie

    --- PyGate Linux v1.5.19
    * Origin: Dragon's Lair, PyGate NNTP<>Fido Gate (3:633/10)